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= Copy and paste this document into a word document. = =A History of Olympic Controversies =
 * From the beginning, controversy has followed the Olympic Games. Indeed, at times it seems as if the Olympic movement would fall apart under its own weight, with several commentators even suggesting that the world would be a better place without the Games. Since ancient times, the Games have been accused of compromising sportsmanship, inflaming political passions, and establishing an atmosphere where cheating is rewarded. While the Olympics serve to contribute to mutual understanding and finding commonality in difference, from its inception as a religious festival in ancient Greece to the huge celebrations in the twenty-first century seen on television by billions of people, it has been quite rare for the Games to pass without controversy. Controversy in the Ancient Olympic Games Established in 776 B.C, the ancient Olympic Games often deviated from the idealized accounts in the history books. During the 1,200 years the Games were held, arguments over professional status, doping, bribery, politics, biased judging, and boycotts were common—and punishments were severe (Swaddling 1999). Any athlete or trainer who failed to obey the rules of the Games could be publicly whipped by the mastigophorai (whip-bearers), a form of punishment usually reserved for slaves. Additionally, heavy fines were levied against any offenders (ibid). The first recorded publicly disgraced cheat was Eupholus of Thessaly who, in 388 B.C., bribed three boxers to lose intentionally. He was fined and the money was used to erect a statue of Zeus outside the stadium to both appease the gods and to warn others who might also be tempted to cheat. Soon, there was a line of these statues, called “zanes.” Each statue bore a detailed description of the offense (Szymanski 2009).

Arguably, the most famous Olympic controversy involved Roman Emperor Nero in the Games of A.D. 67. Not only did Nero bribe Olympic officials to postpone the Games by two years, he bribed his way to several Olympic laurels. Most notably, Nero competed in the chariot races with a 10-horse team, only to be thrown from his chariot. While he did not finish the race, he was still proclaimed the winner on the grounds that he would have won had he been able to complete the race. After his death the next year, his name was expunged from the victor list (Swaddling 1999). The Olympic Games declined until A.D. 393 when Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I banned the Games entirely as being pagan after a total of 291 Olympiads had been held for 1,170 years (Toohey 2007). ||

Answer the following questions by highlighting the text. Save into your LIBRARY LESSONS naming the document “highlighting”. Since ancient times, the Games have been under controversies over what three things? Arguments over the games have included: The first publicly accused cheat was? Which famous Roman emperor was known for his bribery? What race did he compete in, but never finished, and yet was declared the winner? Why didn’t he finish the race?

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You should also develop a [|color-coded] highlighting strategy. Highlight new words in one color and new concepts in another, for example. You could also highlight separate topics according to a color code for more impact.=====